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Depressıon
MAKALE #13632 © Yazan Psk.Derya SOY | Yayın Kasım 2014 | 2,571 Okuyucu
DEPRESSION
Everyone experiences variations in mood, blues that come and go, disappointments, the normal grief that accompanies the loss of someone you love. But a severe or prolonged depression that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, or maintain interest is not a mere case of the blues. It is an illness. A depressive disorder is an illness that involves the body, mood and thoughts. It affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way you feel about yourself, and the way you think about things. A depressive disorder is not a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed or wished away. People with a depressive illness cannot merely "pull themselves together" and get better. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Depression affects many people of all ages. It is estimated that one in five people will suffer from depression at some point in their lives. More than 80% of those suffering from depressive illness can be treated successfully with modern medications. Depression has main reasons that can be reflected on many special reasons such as genetic, biologic and psychologic.
The first reason of depression is genetic. Some types of depression run in families, suggesting that some element of depression may be inherited. This is true for major depression in some families. What is inherited is not known but may include changes in brain structures or brain function, including alterations to the physiological ability to respond to stress, and/or the influence of hormones. What is clear is that in people experiencing depression there is a change in their brain chemicals or neurotransmiters. The chemicals affected include serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine. Serotonin has a role in maintaining normal patterns of appetite, sleep and sexual activity. Noradrenaline is involved in regulating mood and energy and possibly has a role in social interactions. Dopamine probably has a role in gaining pleasure. It is not known whether a change in the neurotransmitters causes the depression or whether the depression causes a change in neurotransmitters but drugs that rebalance these chemicals can help relieve the symptoms of depression. Additive, dominance, and additive by additive components of genetic variance and inbreeding depression were estimated for production traits from a group of daughters of young sires from the Canadian Holstein population. First lactations of 92,838 cows were analyzed. Three sire and dam models (additive, additive plus dominance, additive plus dominance plus additive by additive genetic effects), all including regression of the trait on inbreeding coefficient of the cow, were used to estimate the effect of inbreeding on production traits. For all production traits, heritability in the narrow sense was overestimated with the simplest model, in which only the additive effect was fitted. Estimates of dominance variance were low for all traits, .9 to 3%. Additive by additive components were low for milk, 2.8%, and fat yield, 2.8%. but higher for protein yield, 6.8%, and for fat, 9%. and protein percentages, 8.9%. Estimates of inbreeding depression for the five traits were similar across all models (–25, –.9, and –.8 kg; .05% and .05% per 1% increase in inbreeding for milk, fat, and protein production and fat and protein percentages, respectively). More accurate estimates of additive effects might be obtained with the inclusion of nonadditive effects for genetic evaluation. If the estimation of inbreeding depression is the only objective, simple models and small random samples of the population may be adequate. (Miglior & Burnside & Kennedy, 1994)
Secondly, biology causes depression. Additional research data indicate that people suffering from depression have imbalances of neurotransmitters, natural substances that allow brain cells to communicate with one another. Two transmitters implicated in depression are serotonin and norepinephrine. Scientists think a deficiency in serotonin may cause the sleep problems, irritability, and anxiety associated with depression. Likewise, a decreased amount of norepinephrine, which regulates alertness and arousal, may contribute to the fatigue and depressed mood of the illness. Other body chemicals also may be altered in depressed people. Among them is cortisol, a hormone that the body produces in response to stress, anger, or fear. In normal people the level of cortisol in the bloodstream peaks in the morning, then decreases as the day progresses. In depressed people, however, cortisol peaks earlier in the morning and does not level off or decrease in the afternoon or evening. Researchers don't know if these imbalances cause the disease or if the illness gives rise to the imbalances. They do know that cortisol levels will increase in anyone who must live with long-term stress. Tsukasa Koyama and Itaru Yamashita: Biological Markers of Depression; WHO Multi-Center Studies and Future Perspective. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1992, 16(6): 791–796. Dexamethasone suppresion test (DST), imipramine platelet binding and sleep EEG in depressed patients were studied by the network of WHO Collaborating Centers. DST and sleep EEG indicated abnormalities characteristic to depression, but imipramine platelet binding failed to show difference between depressed and normal subjects.20 papers related to markers of depression were presented at the 17th Congress of CINP, Kyoto, 1990.They were introduced under 5 headings: 1) DST and its modifications, 2) serotonergic functions, 3) platelet studies, 4) ocular potentials and melatonin, and 5) brain imaging. There are reviewed here. 1. 1. Delta TSH, REM latency, 4 pm and 11 pm post-dexamethasone Cortisol values were determined after a wash-out period in a group of 74 non-selected depressed patients who were diagnosed (according to RDC with the SADS) as follows: 46 definite and 10 probable MD, 4 minor and 14 intermittent depression. These biological variables, as well as gender, age and basal TSH were introduced in a principal component analysis. The four first PC scores explaining up to 77% of the data set were further calculated for each patients and used in a cluster analysis. A three clusters solution was retained. DST escape and increased TSH response to TRH each identified subgroups of depressed patients. Conversely, blunted TSH response or REM latency were inefficient to classify patients. Thus, HPA hyperactivity characterized CL-I patients (n = 29). These were more severely depressed, displayed more endogenous features and were reported as being more anxious. Increased TSH response to TRH identified CL-III, exclusively composed of female patients (n = 10) that displayed more apparent sadness and tended to be older. In CL-II, the usual sex-ratio for depressive illness was reversed and patients (n = 35) exhibited the least HPA axis disturbances and the same rate of blunted TSH response than in CL-I. They were also less severely depressed, displayed less endogenous characteristics and were rated as more mood reactive. These results suggest heterogeneity in biological disturbances in depression and further stress the importance for controlling age, gender and severity of illnes in studies investigating biological markers in depression. (Staff, 2009)
The final reason of depression is psychologic. Psychological depression may be even harder to pinpoint, at least as far as its origins are concerned. So many facets of personality, events and our interpretation of those events are involved that it takes a dedicated and skilled professional to discover the root cause of psychological depression. Factors like childhood, traumatic events, stress and major life changes such as losing your job or your house can all contribute to a situation of depression. People who are negative in their outlook and have low self-esteem are more prone to depression that someone who is positive. Objective; To determine factors affecting depression in infertile couples and the impact of a psychological intervention before or during infertility treatment.Methods; In a cross-sectional study with 638 infertile couples assessed for depression, 140 couples with a member who had a Beck Depressio Inventory (BDI) score of 17 or higher were randomized to receive psychological treatment either before or during infertility treatment. Logistic regression was performed to eliminate confounding factors. Results; Depression was initially found in 48% of women and 23.8% of men. The mean ± SD Beck scores fell from 18.7 ± 9.7 to 10.7 ± 5.8 (P < 0.001) in the group psychologically treated before they received infertility treatment.Conclusion ; The psychological intervention was found useful in alleviating depression in infertile couples before they received infertility treatment. Objective; The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment and adult manifestations of depression, anxiety, and dissociation. Method: Women health care professionals reporting a history of childhood psychological maltreatment (n = 55) were compared to a nonabused control group (n = 55) on the three dimensions of anxiety, depression, and dissociation. The Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, a measure constructed specifically for this study to assess abuse history, was used to determine group membership. Participants were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES).Results: A significant discriminant function analysis using the STAI, BDI, and DES as predictor variables was able to correctly classify 74.5% of the psychologically abused participants and 89.1% of the nonabused group, with an overall hit rate of 81.8%. Statistically significant differences were obtained between the abused and nonabused groups on the STAI, BDI, and DES.Conclusions: Interpretation of these results suggests that participants who reported a history of childhood psychological abuse suffer significantly higher levels of depression and anxiety, and more frequent dissociative experiences, than the nonabused women. (James, 2009)
To sum up depression is related to genetic, biologic ans psychologic. Except this reasons, there are many special reasons for depression such as stress, illnes, abuse, conflict, death or a loss, personal problems. People remember that no one is predestined to develop clinical depression. However, it can be very important to be aware of risk factors so that those of us who may be vulnerable can educate ourselves, be attentive to warning signs, and take steps towards recognizing and preventing this illness.


REFERENCES
• Ahmad A. Noorbal, Fatemeh Ramazanzadeh, Hossein Malekafzali, Nasrin Abedinia, Abbas R. Forooshani, Mamak Shariat and Mina JafarabadiVali-e-Asr Reproduction Health Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranSchool of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Received 27 August 2007;
revised 1 December 2007;
accepted 17 December 2007.
Available online 5 March 2008.

• Filippo Miglior, Edward B. Burnside and Brian W. Kennedy
Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
Received 10 June 1994;
accepted 27 February 1995.
Available online 14 May 2010

• Kathleen S. Ferguson and Christine M. Dacey
Department of Psychology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Received 27 December 1996;
revised 27 December 1996;
accepted 9 April 1997. ;
Available online 4 December 2000.

• Ruth St. James, eHow Contributing Writer
Luc Staner, Paul Linkowski and Julien Mendlewicz
Dept of Psychiatry, Erasme Hospital, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
Available online 6 November 2002.

• Tsukasa Koyama and Itaru Yamashita
Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
Available online 23 January 2003.
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