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Obesıty
MAKALE #13633 © Yazan Psk.Derya SOY | Yayın Kasım 2014 | 2,449 Okuyucu
THE CAUSES OF OBESİTY

The foods we eat every day contribute to our well-being. Foods provide us with the nutrients we need for healthy bodies and the calories we need for energy. If we eat too much, however, the extra food turns to fat and is stored in our bodies. If we overeat regularly, we gain weight, and if we continue to gain weight, we may become obese. Obesity means accumulation of excess fat on the body. Obesity is considered a chronic (long-term) disease, like high blood pressure or diabetes. It has many serious long-term consequences for your health. Obesity has main reasons that can be reflected on many special reasons such as go on a diet , environmental factors , genetic factors.

The first reason of obesity is diet. The per capita dietary energy supply varies markedly between different regions and countries. It has also changed significantly over time. From the early 1970s to the late 1990s the average calories available per person per day (the amount of food bought) has increased in all parts of the world except Eastern Europe. The United States had the highest availability with 3,654 calories per person in 1996. This increased further in 2003 to 3,754. During the late 1990s Europeans had 3,394 calories per person, in the developing areas of Asia there were 2,648 calories per person, and in sub-Saharan Africa people had 2,176 calories per person. Total calorie consumption has been found to be related to obesity. ( Keith SW, 2006) The widespread availability of nutritional guidelines has done little to address the problems of overeating and poor dietary choice. (Marantz PR & Alderman MH , 2008) From 1971 to 2000, obesity rates in the United States increased from 14.5% to 30.9%. (Flegal KM &Carroll MD & Ogden CL & Johnson CL, 2002). During the same period, an increase occurred in the average amount of calories consumed. For women, the average increase was 335 calories per day (1,542 calories in 1971 and 1,877 calories in 2004), while for men the average increase was 168 calories per day (2,450 calories in 1971 and 2,618 calories in 2004). Most of these extra calories came from an increase in carbohydrate consumption rather than fat consumption. The primary source of these extra carbohydrates are sweetened beverages, which now account for almost 25 percent of daily calories in young adults in America. Consumption of sweetened drinks is believed to be contributing to the rising rates of obesity. (Malik VS & Schulze MB, 2006) As societies become increasingly reliant on energy -dence , big-portion, fast-food meals, the association between fast-food consumption and obesity becomes more concerning. In the United States consumption of fast-food meals tripled and calorie intake from these meals quadrupled between 1977 and 1995. (Lin BH & Guthrie J & Frazao E, 1999). Agricultural policy and techniques in the United States and Europe have led to lower food prices. In the United States, subsidization of corn, soy, wheat, and rice through the U.S. farm bill has made the main sources of processed food cheap compared to fruits and vegetables. (Pollan & Michael, 2007) Obese people consistently under-report their food consumption as compared to people of normal weight. This is supported both by test of people carried out in a calorimeter rooms and by direct observation. (Kopelman & Caterson, 2005)

Secondly ,environment causes obesity. Our environment doesn't support healthy lifestyle habits; in fact, it encourages obesity. Lack of neighborhood sidewalks and safe places for recreation. Not having area parks, trails, sidewalks, and affordable gyms makes it hard for people to be physically active. Work schedules. People often say that they don't have time to be physically active because of long work hours and time spent commuting. Oversized food portions. Americans are surrounded by huge food portions in restaurants, fast food places, gas stations, movie theaters, supermarkets, and even home. Some of these meals and snacks can feed two or more people. Eating large portions means too much energy IN. Over time, this will cause weight gain if it isn't balanced with physical activity. Lack of access to healthy foods. Some people don't live in neighborhoods that have supermarkets that sell healthy foods, such as fresh fruits and vegetables. Or, for some people, these healthy foods are too costly. Food advertising. Americans are surrounded by ads from food companies. Often children are the targets of advertising for high-calorie, high-fat snacks and sugary drinks. The goal of these ads is to sway people to buy these high-calorie foods, and often they do. (Jo Hill , 2003)

The final reason of obesity is genetic. Like many other medical conditions, obesity is the result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in various genes controlling appetite and metabolism predispose to obesity when sufficient calories are present. As of 2006 more than 41 of these sites have been linked to the development of obesity when a favorable environment is present. ( Poirier P & Giles TD & Bray GA, 2006). The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85% . (Yang W& Kelly T & He J, 2007). Obesity is a major feature in several syndromes, such as Prader-Willi syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Cohen syndrome, and MOMO syndrome. (The term "non-syndromic obesity" is sometimes used to exclude these conditions.)(Walley AJ& Asher JE & Froguel P ,2009).In people with early-onset severe obesity (defined by an onset before 10 years of age and body mass index over three standard deviations above normal), 7% harbor a single point DNA mutation. (Farooqi S & O'Rahilly S, 2006). Studies that have focused upon inheritance patterns rather than upon specific genes have found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight. (Kolata&Gina, 2007). The thrifty gene hypothesis postulates that certain ethnic groups may be more prone to obesity in an equivalent environment. Their ability to take advantage of rare periods of abundance by storing energy as fat would be advantageous during times of varying food availability, and individuals with greater adipose reserves would be more likely survive famine. This tendency to store fat, however, would be maladaptive in societies with stable food supplies. (Chakravarthy MV &Booth FW, 2004).This is the presumed reason that Pima Indians, who evolved in a desert ecosystem, developed some of the highest rates of obesity when exposed to a Western lifestyle. (Wells JC, 2009)

To sum up obesity is related to diet , environment and genetic.Except this reasons , there are many special reasons for obesity such as culture ,sedentary lifestyle ,physical inactivity , emotional or psychological factors , age and medical problems. Many people of all ages in the world are over weight or obese. Being obese can kill you at an early age and dosent give you a full life. Becoming obesse dosent take one day, it is a progerssion over time. When a person becomes obese, many health concerns come along with that. Most which are life thretening. A person that becomes obese dosnt have to stay like that they can easily lose it and become a little healthyer. This problem is affecting over 30% of adults and 15% of adolecens. If this problem is not looked at in an effort to change it will kill off many humans before they age of 40.

REFERENCES

* Chakravarthy MV, Booth FW (2004). "Eating, exercise, and "thrifty" genotypes: Connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases". J. Appl. Physiol. 96 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00757.2003. PMID 14660491
* Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL (October 2002). "Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2000". JAMA 288 (14): 1723–1727. doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1723. PMID 12365955. http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/288/14/1723.
* James WP (March 2008). "The fundamental drivers of the obesity epidemic". Obes Rev 9 Suppl 1: 6–13. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00432.x. PMID 18307693.
* Keith SW, Redden DT, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. (2006). "Putative contributors to the secular increase in obesity: Exploring the roads less traveled". Int J Obes (Lond) 30 (11): 1585–94. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803326. PMID 16801930. http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v30/n11/full/0803326a.html.
* Kolata,Gina (2007). Rethinking thin: The new science of weight loss – and the myths and realities of dieting. Picador. pp. 122. ISBN 0-312-42785-9.
* Kopelman and Caterson 2005:324.
* Lin BH, Guthrie J and Frazao E (1999). "Nutrient contribution of food away from home". in Frazão E. Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 750: America's Eating Habits: Changes and Consequences. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. pp. 213–239. http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib750/.
* Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB (August 2006). "Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84 (2): 274–88. PMID 16895873
* Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, et al. (May 2006). "Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss". Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26 (5): 968–76. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000216787.85457.f3. PMID 16627822
* Pollan, Michael (22 April 2007). "You Are What You Grow". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/magazine/22wwlnlede.t.html?ex=1186027200&en=bbe0f6a2c10e3b3c&ei=5070. Retrieved 2007-07-30
* Walley AJ, Asher JE, Froguel P (June 2009). "The genetic contribution to non-syndromic human obesity". Nat. Rev. Genet. 10 (7): 431–42. doi:10.1038/nrg2594. PMID 19506576.
* Wells JC (February 2009). "Ethnic variability in adiposity and cardiovascular risk: the variable disease selection hypothesis". Int J Epidemiol 38 (1): 63–71. doi:10.1093/ije/dyn183. PMID 18820320.
* Yang W, Kelly T, He J (2007). "Genetic epidemiology of obesity". Epidemiol Rev 29: 49–61. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxm004. PMID 17566051
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